Abnormal Pap results, colposcopy, and LEEP
An abnormal Pap result is common and rarely means cancer. Follow-up helps find and treat changes early.
What an abnormal result means
Most abnormal Pap or HPV results are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Many HPV infections clear on their own, but some cause cell changes that need monitoring or treatment. We follow national risk-based guidelines to decide the right next step for you.
Colposcopy
A colposcopy is an in-office exam that uses a magnifying instrument to look closely at the cervix. If an area looks abnormal, a small biopsy may be taken. It takes about 10–15 minutes and feels similar to a Pap test, with some cramping during a biopsy.
LEEP
If a biopsy shows higher-grade changes, a LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure) can remove the abnormal tissue. It is usually done with local anesthesia. We will discuss recovery and any effect on future pregnancies.
Prevention
The HPV vaccine helps prevent the HPV types most likely to cause cervical cancer. Ask us whether it is recommended for you.
Medically reviewed by Rahil Malik, MD, FACOG, board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist. Last reviewed: September 2026. This page is general information and does not replace a visit with your doctor.